JavaScript is not the problem by itself.
The real question is whether search engines can consistently access, render, understand, and follow the important parts of the website.
A browser may show users a complete page after JavaScript runs. But search engines may process pages differently. Important content may be inserted after the initial HTML response. Navigation may rely on client-side routing. Internal links may appear only after interaction. Product, service, or landing-page content may not be available in the first version of the page.
When the initial page and the rendered page are different in meaningful ways, the SEO risk should be reviewed based on the rendered result, not only the source code.
Broader technical issues such as crawl budget, site architecture, canonicalization, redirects, or technical health belong within Technical SEO.
If the main issue comes from a decoupled frontend and CMS, Headless CMS SEO may also be relevant.
If the website is a custom application with complex user states, authentication, or custom architecture, Custom Websites & Web Apps SEO may be the more suitable wider scope.